The Theory of Evolution Essay - 1255 Words

The theory of evolution by natural selection does not interfere with the Judeo-Christian view of god as the creator, based on multiple sources including statements from the Pope himself. Although throughout history there are many instances of conflict between people, science, and the Catholic Church, there has recently been a widespread acceptance for science and many even say it does not interfere with the Judeo-Christian view of god as the creator. This essay will discuss the different types of views there are on evolution and creation, as well as go in depth to prove how evolution by natural selection does not interfere with the Judeo-Christian view on evolution. There are many different views on evolution. The first is scientific†¦show more content†¦(Akin) Galileo was a prime example of a conflict between the Catholic Church and science. He was a devout roman catholic, however a great scientist. Galileo had many contributions to the world such as the telescope and his many discoveries in outer space. However one of the more widely recognized was his support to Copernicus’ theory of heliocentricity. Before this the church had stated that the sun revolved around the earth, known as the theory of geocenctricity. Galileo’s teachings were consequently banned by the church, and Galileo himself imprisoned. However, in 1992 the Vatican under Pope John Paul II held a ceremony to proclaim that Galileo was right in his findings and support of Copernicus. (Tracts) This shows that the present day church does not see science as a threat or interference to its teachings. The present day church actually supports science, as well as the theory of evolution by natural selection. However, although evolution is widely accepted by many Popes, as well as the Catholic Church, many things are still maintained. It is still maintained that Adam was the first human and all life originated from him. The church still says that all humans have souls. The church insists that a soul is unobservable; therefore it is untestable by science since it has no effect on the natural world, and science cannot confirm or deny its existence. The big bang theory isShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Evolution And Evolution1685 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Since Charles Darwin suggested the theory of evolution by natural selection in this best-known work, On the Origin of Species, controversy has followed. As a (computer) scientist, this student has no personal problem with the theory of evolution. However, since the debate of whether or not evolution actually exists is still alive and well today, a brief exploration of the arguments against is not only interesting, but also increasingly necessary. Why is there such disparity over this topic overRead MoreEvolution And Theory Of Evolution2859 Words   |  12 Pages come up with a variety of theories to answer the age old question, â€Å"Where do we come from?† The theory of evolution is just one of the many theories written over the centuries that attempts to answer this question; however, it holds the distinction of being the only theory accepted as scientifically true in today’s world. This paper will discuss the theory of evolution in detail; topics addressed include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as wellRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution754 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: EVOLUTION The Theory of Evolution By Student’s Name Name of University Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been a topic of controversy since it was promulgated in the late 1800s. Nonetheless, its tenets remain strong, with many modern day scientists making discoveries that support Darwin’s theories of evolution, natural selection, and survival of the fittest. In The Origin of Species, Darwin calls the process of natural selection or survival of the fittest, the preservationRead MoreThe Theories Of The And Evolution756 Words   |  4 Pagesexplained the concept of growth and evolution, Freud theorized explanations for our suppressed cognition, Archimedes ran out of a bathtub yelling Eureka once he established the concept of density, and many other renowned scientists provided substantial theories to explain common associations within everyday life. These brilliant researchers gave reason to the term â€Å"why†. They provoked curiosity, established ideologies, and generated scientific laws that define logic. Evolution, adaptation, and developmentRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Evolution1802 Words   |  8 Pagesproduced mankind. However, the philosophical theory of evolution has no solid evidence, whereas creation can be proven. Science is supposed to be based on observation, right? The best theories satisfy the test of expe rimentation. No one can test if evolution happened. Non one can prove that evolution actually happened. But what evidence can we place against evolution? In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, introducing the theory of evolution. One hundred and fifty-six years laterRead MoreEvolution Versus Creation And The Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution versus creation is one of the most controversial topics that have ever been exposed to the world. Scientist and creationist both argue that their perspective is more right than the other. In reality both sides don’t know the exact truth behind the creation of the world. Evolution is the process in which something changes into something different and typically resulting in it becoming more complex and better formed. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, suggested a theoryRead MoreTheory of Evolution Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesso there was no need for evolution; hence, there was no sign of evolution from the beginning. Since sin came into the world, man has been deceived into thinking there is evolution. We are not talking abou t the theory of evolution that says man started from an amoeba or as an ape and eventually began to walk upright; not that evolution, but evolution in the sense of development. There are developments in the earth and therefore it can be considered as a form of evolution, but truly would it be classifiedRead MoreEvolution Of A Evolutionary Theory1500 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is descent with modification, a phrase Darwin used in proposing the at Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different The power of evolution as a unifying theory is its ability to explain and connect a vast array of observations about the living world. Aristotle believed that life forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity. Each form of life, perfect and permanent, had its allotted space. Darwin argued that classification should be based onRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution Essay553 Words   |  3 PagesBiological evolution is the name for the changes in gene frequency in a population of a species from generation to generation. Evolution offers explanation to why species genetically change over years and the diversity of life on Earth. Although it is generally accepted by the scientific community, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been studied and debated for several decades. In 1859, Darwin published On The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolutionary thought which he supportedRead MoreThe Theory Of Biological Evolution1192 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology and

Diversity Within A Workforce Diversity - 894 Words

Modern organizations strive to promote workforce diversity through different initiatives. Some organizations have started reaping the benefits of employees’ diversity at their workplaces. Some public and private organizations have promoted women and minorities to leadership positions, which was rear in the past. Despite the advantages diversity brings in various organizations and the initiatives taken by organizations to promote it, implementing it poses challenges in different organizations. Initiatives to promote diversity The demographic makeup of workforce, which created considerable changes compelled organizations to develop programs or plans meant to promote workforce diversity. Schermerhom et al (2011) defines workforce diversity†¦show more content†¦This training assists leaders to recruit diverse candidates, provide conducive working condition for them, and discourage workplace discrimination. Advantages of diversity in both sectors Through participative management, diversity promotes interpersonal relationships and cooperation. When coworkers have harmonious working relationships, they develop trust, empathy, and can form productive teams. Furthermore, diversity stimulates innovation, creating, and sharing of information because of employees’ different backgrounds (heterogeneity). Sharing ideas can save the organization more money because employees find efficient methods of tackling problems. Moreover, diversity encourages productive competitiveness among employees in meeting organizational goals and objectives. In this case, no employee wants to be unproductive, hence diversity can promote effectiveness and increases productivity. Getting different ideas provides the leader with a pool of suggestions from which he can draw appropriate decisions. Again, diversity enlarges organizational capabilities and enhances access to diverse customer bases through employees’ different backgrounds. Challenges organizations face regarding diversity Despite all the initiatives and merits of diversity mentioned above, workforce diversity still poses some challenges to different organizations. The first challenge is to transform the male culture or domination of most organizations into multiculturalShow MoreRelatedManging Diversity Within The Workforce1198 Words   |  5 Pages MANGING DIVERSITY IN THE WORKFORCE Management 5000 LaTonya S. Warren Webster University Diversity encompasses acceptance and respect.  This means understanding that every individual is unique,  and noticing their individual uniqueness.   This can be different race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs,  political beliefs, or other ideologies and exploring these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environmentRead MoreDiversity Within The Organization : Workforce Diversity Management Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"diversity† usually refers to individual characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, culture, age but as time has advanced, it is now also known to defer between those of sexual orientation and physical or mental abilities. Through time, not only the notion of diversity has become more broad but it has also been more focused on. Due to its ability to provide benefits such as improved morale, contrasting perceptions and strategies, enhanced teamwork and mu tual understanding within the organisationRead MoreManaging Diversity Within The United States Workforce1849 Words   |  8 Pageslabor force in today’s society in the United States workforce is getting more racially and ethnically diverse, as the number of women are also increasing. Companies use human resources management to gain a competitive advantage. Companies can no longer take the traditional approach of depending on white males to form the core of the workforce. In today’s society managers must look broadly to use talent wherever it could be found. Managing diversity is a huge issue in today’s society because each cultureRead MoreDiversity Within The Workforce Of International Tourism Enterprises1192 Words   |  5 Pagesaccepting challenges. Indeed, diversity brings out many positive effects towards one’s organization, but it also hinders many negative factors, challenges and obstacles in the workforce such as communication barriers, discrimin ation issues, and training challenges if the organizations are not able to embrace diversity effectively. What does diversity mean? According to Sillignakis in Managing Diversity in the Workforce of International Tourism Enterprises, â€Å"Diversity may be defined as the presenceRead MoreManaging Diversity Within An Organization1674 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Diversity is often defined as a â€Å"management philosophy of recognising and valuing heterogeneity in organisations with a view to improve organisational performance† (Ozbilgin and Tatli, 2011). Hence recognising the wide variety of qualities possessed by people within an organisation and creating an environment that understands, values and utilises the differences within people. Due to the rapidly growing trends of a more diverse workforce, diverse market and globalisations of businesses,Read MoreWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires aRead MoreCulture And Diversity : An Instrumental Aspect Of The Business Environment Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive summary Culture and diversity has been an instrumental aspect of the business environment for a few decades now. While globalization is singled out as its enhancer, it is far from its inceptor. Managers have had to deal with diversity for years, through the contemporary environment has realized an influx in this particular phenomenon (Mor-Barak, 2011). In the contemporary business, environment has become more complex with the degree of diversity that is being witnessed. Managers have toRead MoreChanging Working Force And The Positive Outcomes Of Managing Diversity At Work1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The following essay will delve into the challenges of the changing working force and the positive outcomes of managing diversity at work. Ageing baby-boomers along with an increased number of women in paid work and an influx of workers from diverse backgrounds within the workplace raise new diversity challenges, which people managers must handle. Managing diversity in the workplace has become an essential skill for people managers. There are many social and economic reasons that make it highlyRead MoreBenefits Of Diversity And Inclusion1657 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diversity and inclusion are hot topics in today’s business world. While treating individuals fairly and equally is a social imperative, it is also extremely important to the success of a business. With the changing demographics of society and its affect on the American workforce, organizations must truly embrace diversity and inclusion. â€Å"For companies to succeed in the global marketplace, they must make the most of the full range of their people. Companies must attract and retain theRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 21st century, workforce diversity has become an essential business concern. In the so-called information age, the greatest assets of most companies are now on two feet (or a set of wheels). Undeniably, there is a talent war raging. No company can afford to unnecessarily restrict its ability to attract and retain the very best employees available. Generally speaking, the term â€Å"Workforce Diversity† refers to policies and practices that seek to include people within a workforce who are considered

The Case of the Speluncean Explorers Summary - Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the Speluncean Explorers Further Proceedings. Answer: Introduction: The Case of the Speluncean Explorers is a fictitious case, which was created in the Harvard Law Review by Lon L Fuller. The case occurs in Commonwealth of Newgarth, which is again, a fictitious jurisdiction. This article contained five different judicial opinions, which explored the facts of the case from different legal viewpoints. In the following parts, these five views have been highlighted, along with the decision on which one is the most favorable. A discussion has also been carried on the manner in which the view taken above is aligned with the theoretical approaches to the law, if any. In this case, a group of explorers were stuck in a cave due to landslide. Upon contacting the rescue team, they were informed that the rescue operation would take ten days. They would have ran out of food in ten days and so, they decided to draw a lottery and the loser of that, would be killed and eaten by others for survival. This was done and the others were rescued later. A guilty verdict was carried out by the Commonwealth of Newgarth whereby they were awarded the mandatory sentence of capital punishment. The first judge, Chief Justice Truepenny affirmed the conviction, but at the same time, he recommended clemency. He believed that the statue was unambiguous and had to be applied by the judiciary, irrespective of their personal believes. For clemency, a join petition should be made to Chief Executive as it was an executive matter and not judiciary. Justice Foster set aside the conviction stating that the defendants were in such state of nature where the laws of Commonwealth did not apply. And the law of nature would permit them to kill for their survival. And even when the natural law is not applied, for the purpose of criminal law, the application of self-defense would act as deterrence for this case. Justice Tatting made no decision and withdrew from the case. He believed that the natural law in that state of nature had its priority over the freedom of contract over the right to life. He also highlighted the difficulty in statutory interpretation of the purposive approach, in presence of multiple purposes, for instance, rehabilitation and retribution. And because of the competing legal rationales, in addition to the emotions, he refrained from making a decision. The fourth view was that of Justice Keen who affirmed the convictions. He criticized the proposed appeal for clemency to Executive of Chief Justice Truepenny due to the applicability of doctrine of separation of powers. He stated that such appeal should be made in the capacity of being a private citizen only. He also highlighted the irrelevance of moral considerations in the application of statute. The last judgment was given by Justice Handy and he also set aside the convictions. He argued that the public opinion and common sense had to be considered by the court. He highlighted that over 90% of the public wanted that these men should be released or be given a lesser punishment. He also made a statement regarding the rumors he heard. As per these rumors, Chief Executive was not gong the commute the sentence even with the presence of strong public opinion. In my view, the ruling given by Justice Foster is the most appropriate one. He highlighted correctly how the individuals were under the natural law, instead of the Commonwealth law, due to the state of nature at the time of the killing. The natural law is aligned to the theory of survival of fittest and so, if for the survival of the others, one individual had to be scarified, it would be deemed as a correct approach. There is one more reason for supporting the view presented by Justice Foster and it relates to the function approach taken by him, while assuming that the laws of Commonwealth of Newgarth were applicable over the individuals. Since the application of statue based on functional approach was the major purpose of deterrence, Foster concluded that if the convictions were upheld, the purpose of the statute would not be served, in the same manner as is present for self-defense. The countered the possible objections of the judicial activism, by making a suggestion that even though the judges have to comply with will of the legislators, but that had to be done in an intelligent manner. He drew the analogy to the servants who were required to understand the instructions of their master by reading between the lines. He also highlighted that the strict literal compliance was not the actual intention in every case. This is the reason why the view of Foster was the most practical and applicable one. Legal realism is one of the naturalistic approaches to the law. As per this theory, the theorists of this approach have to investigate the law based on value free method of the natural science, which is also known as the science of the real. As a result of their value free approach, they are opposed to the traditions of natural law. This view believes that the common law adjudication is inherently subjective system, which can, at times, produce inconsistent or incoherent results. The view point put forward by Foster is somewhat inclined towards legal realism. This is because he highlighted that the natural law should be applicable in this case, instead of the commonwealth law, due to it producing inconsistent results, in form of punishing the individuals, for their survival needs. The approach of Foster was somewhat a value free approach and hence, his decision can be stated as being inclined to the approach of legal realism. To sum up the entire decision, the hypothetical case of Speluncean Explorers presents the readers with a diversified view in the judgment of five judges. These judges have, as per their understanding, given different judgments. Out of these, in the view of the writer, the most appropriate one is that of Justice Foster. And this view is somewhat inclined to legal realism approach. Bibliography Suber, P, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Nine New Opinions (Routledge, 2012) Bjarup, J, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism (2005) 18(1) Ratio Juris. Mertz, E, Ford, WK and Matoesian, G, Translating the Social World for Law: Linguistic Tools for a New Legal Realism (Oxford University Press, 2016) Easterbrook, FH, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Revisited (1999) 112 Harvard Law Review Fuller, LL, The Case Of The Speluncean Explorers (1949) 62(4) The Harvard Law Review Association. D'Amato, A, The Speluncean Explorers--Further Proceedings (2010) Faculty Working Papers. Paper 98 https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097context=facultyworkingpapers OlbrychtPalmer, Summary of Fuller, 'The Case of the Speluncean Explorers' (25 February 2015) https://olbrychtpalmer.net/2015/02/25/summary-of-the-speluncean-explorers.html Eskridge Jr. WN, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: TwentiethCentury Statutory Interpretation in a Nutshell (1993) Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 3839. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4813context=fss_papers

The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on Essay Example For Students

The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on Essay August 6, 1945. The world would never be the same. This paper will discuss the significance of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and how they led to the success of the Allied forces. It will also discuss how the United States developed the atomic bomb, the decision to drop the bomb, the weakening of Japan, the actual bombing an destruction of both cities, the surrender of Japan and the impact the atomic bomb would have in the future. During World War II, the United States was afraid that Germany would develop the atomic bomb first. Germany had taken over Norway, which was a heavy water supply and Czechoslovakia, which was a uranium supply. Both of these, water and uranium, were needed to make the atomic bomb. Therefore, the United States initiated a top secret program called the Manhattan Project. Even the Vice President didnt know about this project. The Manhattan Project cost over 2 billion dollars. Yet, Congress never voted to fund this program (Hoare, 1987, 10-14). We will write a custom essay on The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Roosevelt authorized scientists to find out if an atomic bomb could be built. On December 2, 1942, scientists working in a secret laboratory under the bleachers of a football field in Chicago achieved the first man-made nuclear reaction. An atomic bomb could now be developed. Many scientists and other skilled workers participated in the making of the first atomic bomb. However, only few knew what they were making. In 1944, after D-Day, the Alsos (a troop sent to find how far the Germans had come in the building of the atomic bomb) radioed back that they had given up in their attempt to make it. Still, despite scientists pleas with the President to discontinue it, the U.S. maintained the work on their atomic bomb (Conrad, 1982, 12-16). In Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated in the desert. The bomb was much more explosive than scientists thought it would be. The 100 foot tower which housed the bomb was totally destroyed by the blast. (World War II, 1997, 1-2). After the bomb exploded, Robert Oppenheimer, the head of the Manhattan Project, said, Behold. I have become death, destroyer of worlds. (Hoare, 1987, 18) When Harry Truman became President after Franklin D. Roosevelts death, he appointed a committee to advise him about the atomic bomb. The committee was headed by Secretary of War, Henry Stimson. The committee argued about whether to drop the bomb on a Japanese city or to have a demonstration explosion in an isolated part of Japan. However, some committee members thought that the plane may be shot down or the bomb may not explode. Therefore, they decided not to have a demonstration bomb. The committee decided that the bomb needed to be dropped directly on a city. Stimson wrote the President, We can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use. Soon after that a group of scientists wrote Harry Truman asking not to drop the bomb on any city. They knew that the atomic bomb could cause too much destruction to be dropped on a populated area. Yet, the decision was made by the President. In order to save thousands of Americans lives, the bomb would be dropped (Feinberg, 1995, 26-27). The primary target in the bombing was Hiroshima. The day Hiroshima would be bombed was August 6, 1945 and it would be the first time ever that an atomic bomb would be dropped from a plane. Before the primary plane took off, four weather planes flew over Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki. .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 , .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .postImageUrl , .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 , .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:hover , .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:visited , .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:active { border:0!important; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:active , .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3 .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube3f5907629e194ab07d1bb1b1bebcb3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Indonesia Argumentative Essay The weather over Hiroshima was perfect. The B-29 bomber that dropped the first atomic bomb was named the Enola Gay. It was named after the maiden name of the pilots mother. With the atomic bomb in the plane, as well as many extra devices, the bomber was 15,000 pounds over weight. Only a few days before, four B-29 bombers that were over weight crashed during takeoff. The Enola Gay took off from the island of Tinian, which the U. S. had conquered from Japan. The exact time it took off .

Inland Beach essays

Inland Beach essays Margaret Creal leaves us with plenty to ponder about as her use of symbolism is used to describe the strength and wisdom of women along with the miracle of birth. Margaret Creal uses symbolism to link the fragility of birth to the delicateness of life. Margaret Creal describes the scenery at the beginning to illustrate what the surrounding beach looks like, however we can also see that her description also resembles the miracle of birth. It is evident that the bay as representing the outside world and the ocean as being still in the women. The bay empties through a narrow neck into the ocean(153). This description of the ocean and bay resembles how babies are brought into the world. This description helps the theme of the story as it may not be possible for all readers to figure it out but it is pretty interesting when found. When Ben tries to get back in from the ocean to the bay he struggles and kicks rhythmically. This is the same as birth in life as it is always difficult to get the child out of the mother. I said, Im trying to come in, and I cant (154). The author only allows us to see the story through the mothers eyes so we can never completely get the full impact of what Ben feels as he is fighting to get back in. This directly reflects what happens when babies are thinking when they are brought into the world. The mood of the story changes dramatically as the mothers attitude changes rapidly as Ben is stuck in the ocean. The mother is very happy when she gets to the beach as everything is in order but she becomes very angry with Ben, as he does not listen to orders. She is in fear as she finally discovers that Ben is moving further out and he cant come back in. She then feels pain in her stomach when she thinks that Ben and she are going to die. In the end the mother is happie ...

Idioms and Expressions With Do

Idioms and Expressions With 'Do' The following idioms and expressions use the verb do. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with do.   Do a Double Take Definition: look twice at someone or something because you are surprised She did a double take when he walked into the room.Did you see that man do a double take as he looked at the price? Do a Number on Someone Definition: trick someone, cheat someone, hurt someone very badly Im afraid she did a number on him when she broke up.That guy did a number on John to the tune of $500! Do an About Face Definition: turn around, return to where someone came from Id like you to do an about face and go clean your room!As soon as I got to work I realized Id have to do an about face because Id left my briefcase at home. Do Away With Something Definition: prohibit something, make something not available   They tried to do away with coffee in some cultures to little success.Anytime they do away with something people want it even more.   Do Justice to Something Definition: do successfully and with honor, complete in a befitting manner I think that painting doesnt do justice to him.Alice really did justice to the presentation.   Do One’s Duty Definition: complete a responsibility, do something that is expected of you Remember to do your duty by honoring your parents.Ill do my duty but nothing more. Do Ones Part Definition: do something that is required of you, join in doing something that requires many people He feels that volunteering is doing his part.Do you part and get along and youll have no problems here. Do or Die Definition: complete a task or utterly fail Its do or die time now. Were getting married!Well John, its do or die. Lets go! Do Someone Good   Definition: be beneficial for someone I think taking the week off will do you good.She told me a massage would do me good.   Do Something Over Definition: repeat an action often because of a poor start Lets do that over! I wasnt concentrated enough!Id love to do college over if I had the chance. Do Someone Proud definition: do something so well that another person is proud of you David did his father proud throughout his successful life.I think youll do your family proud this year.   Do Someones Heart Good Definition: be good for someone emotionally I think listening to some classical music would do your heat good.Getting straight As did her heart good. Do Something by Hand Definition: build something on ones own He built his house by hand.I created that desk by hand.   Do Something in Vain Definition: do something with no reason or chance at success Peter feels his doing the job in vain.Never feel youre doing something in vain. Theres always a reason. Do Something on the Fly Definition: do something quickly without thinking I did it on the fly, its nothing special.Lets do it on the fly. It wont take long. Do Something on the Run Definition: do something while on the way to somewhere else We did it on the run while on the way to Arizona.You can do it on the run. Lets go! Do Something on the Sly Definition: do something without having other people notice She did it on the sly. Her husband never had a clue.He made lots of money by doing it on the sly. Do the Honors Definition: do something like cutting a cake, or giving a speech that is an honor Id like to let your father do the honors.Ill do the honors and toast to happy and long life! Do the Trick definition: complete the task, function as a solution I think this pen will do the trick.Youll come up with something to do the trick. Do You Read Me? Definition: question asked usually in a stern manner to ask if someone understands Well have no more talk! Do you read me?!Thats enough. Do you read me?

Contemporary Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Business - Term Paper Example Business ethics concept has been used by many academic scholars to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful organizations. Academic scholars believe that business ethics can not only ensure organizational but fillip sustainable business growth also. Rationale behind Selecting Business Ethics as Contemporary Management Topic The study has selected business ethics in order to continue further analysis. Business ethics has emerged as an important management issue for companies in recent time. The study has selected business ethics in order to understand following learning outcomes: Many companies (read Nortel, Enron, Layman Brothers and others) have suffered the ill effect of poor business ethics in last two decades hence discussing contemporary issues related to business ethics can help the authour to gain knowledge about organizational sustainability. Business helps the organization to build sustainable representation in front of their stakeholders. Unethical business practice creates negative impact in the mind of both shareholders and stakeholders. In many cases it has been observed that government of a particular country takes legal action against organizations practicising unethical activities such as bankruptcy, fraud, misrepresentation of financial asset or fraud. Legal action against unethical organizations not only purturbs sustainability of them but negatively impacts shareholder’s interest. Studying business ethics will help author to understand importance of organizational sustainability in terms of financial perspective. Many companies of USA have understood importance of business ethis hence they have created ethical assistance lines for stakeholders to report ethical concern about business practice to them. Following diagram will show increase of concern related business ethics in recent times. (Source: Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 222) Business Ethics There is a vast gap between ethics and self interest in the business practice. M any business executives emphasizes on self interest in order to fulfil personal prosperity instead of doing business for betterment of society. Objective of Business Ethics In 2003, Hooker has pointed out that main objective of business ethics is to create a guideline for companies to compete and sustain in the market without getting involved in financial fraud or any kind of deception. Importance of Business Ethics in Business Environment Reseach scholars have defined business ethics in multidimensional manner in order to cover broad spectrum of the topic. Hooker and other reaseach scholars have pointed out following guidelines for business ethics. Companies need to design a fair and transparent fair incentive and remuneration system for top level management executives in order to draw a clear picture of the company in front of share holders. Companies need to emphasize on maintaining interst of shareholders because they are the key drivers to maintain sustainibility of any organiz ation. Companies should implement transparent inter level business practices in order to refrain employees to commit fainancial fraud and perform in accordance with industry standards. Leading companies should not manipulate industry standards in order to create entry barrier for small firms. Companies should not involve in price discrimination because price discrimination not only perturbs industry equilibrium (read oligopolistic

Sales & Purchasing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sales & Purchasing - Case Study Example This paper reflects on a sales report and an action plan by John Ziegler, a newly promoted sales manager working for Arapahoe Pharmaceutical Company based in Dallas. The market territory occupied in Dallas by Arapahoe pharmaceutical is very ripe with a high number of health facilities and physicians. The amount of physicians contacted by the company throughout the year totaled to fifteen thousand and one hundred, 15,100 as shown in table 2 above. This reflected in the enterprise performance in the total number of sales attained for the year. Totals sales for the year reached an impressive figure of three million, five hundred and fifty-nine thousand, 3,559,000. Sales numbers of this magnitude indicate the excellent effort made by the company’s sales department. It is appropriate to note the significant improvement of sales representatives’ performance from the previous year. Arapahoe pharmaceutical’s annual sales increased from two million, eight hundred and fifteen thousand, 2,815,000, for the last year. This indicates an improvement of over twenty-five percent, 25.3% (Summer, 2013). Marty Nakai topped the sales representatives’ performance list by managing to sell products worth six hundred and twenty-five thousand, 625,000. Dick McClure, Bill Morrison and Tom Jones were other top performers each managing to sell products worth over five hundred and fifty thousand. Peggy Doyle was bottom of the performance list. This is because she was new and had only been active for four months. Another rookie sales representative was Larry Palmer, who managed to sell products worth one hundred and eighty-one thousand after being active for a period of eight months. Jared Murphy managed to sell products worth three hundred and seventy-five thousand for the whole year. Almost all sales people performed well in terms of sales during the year (Summer, 2013). All member of Arapahoe Pharmaceutical Company sales team improved on

The Awful Truth Essay Example for Free

The Awful Truth Essay The Awful truth much like the show cased song Dixie Belles My Dreams are Gone With the Wind depending on what point of view one uses when looking at it there can be a either positive or negative connotation but yet contains a constant that draw together and binds both artistic pieces. Thus, creating a form of simile between the two, the song however itself can be use to represent the movie do the fact the Lucy performance showcases to use what we truly need to understand, and perfectly highlight what the Awful Truth is. Lucys performance of Dixie Belles song My Dreams are Gone With the Wind is taken very differently, depending on which character is viewing the performance. In this case the view points are heavily influences by the identity in which the other characters recognizes Lucy as being. The dance and song are present as sensually and possess a sexually tone to them, this is the one consent throughout all the view points and is what ties Lucys plan together. As Cavell says Her solution is to create her identity so that the very thing that repels the proper Vances is what attracts Jerry (Cavell, PH, 251) In other words by performing a dance and song that had that sensually and sexually tone has negative connotation to the Vances who know Lucy has Jerry sister it may even take on incestuous tone. Where as to Jerry who view Lucy as a partner it seen in positive light as she giving herself solely to Jerry or as said by Cavell â€Å" Lucy is declaring herself, to Jerry alone of course, as the woman he strays from the house to keep company with. She proposes herself as a field on which he may weave passion and tenderness, so that he might desire where he loves; she reminds him of this possibility by reminding him of who she is. (Cavell, PH, 253). This duel view point based on ones understanding and views about Lucy but based on the same basic information are essentially blown up and magnified for the audience when one looks at the movie as a whole, creating a double edged sword of sorts in both the performance and the movie. However as stated above one only needs a bit of background and Lucy performance to truly grasp the message in the film. When looking through the two lenses in which people often us while watching films in order to understand them logic or emotion ones views can change based on the way they choose to identify with Lucy. All the while the movie still keeps the character features and personality the same thus the double edge sword that makes The Awful Truth so engaging is born. In the film Lucy demonstrates several admirable qualities; she is creative, witty and determined. These characteristics are showcased rather quit well in her performance of Dixie Belles song My Dreams are Gone With the Wind. Here she use both her wit and creative, all while being fueled by her determination to rather quit successful push the Vances away from Jerry while drawing him to her. She fact throughout the movie in constantly trying to in some way draw Jerry into her life or be a part of his, this can be seen in the fact that the Vances know her has Jerrys sister. What creates the double edge sword his is how people view her actions. Those who view it through the emotional lens are likely going Aw she still cares about him were as those using the logical lens are going He doesnt believe you his dating another woman grow up and use your talents for another purpose, like try focusing and your sing Those to different one positive the other negative opinions are born of both Lucy and to an extent the movie is given two; a womans drive to remain with the man she loves or a womans complete dependence on having a man in her life. Now the question is which is right love or dependence. In order to solve this question we look to the title The Awful Truth. The key word here is awful if the movies message was meant to positive why would they use a word with such a negative connotation like awful in the title. The answer is simple they would not, thus the entire message of the film is the negative side where Lucy is so dependent on having a man in her life, that she will go to any lengths to draw Jerry back in something which is also seen in her dating her neighbor Dan. So the truth about this movie is though it may upon first watch appear to have a double edge meaning once one look further in to the context of the film they fide it was just meant to shown case negative while using positive to keep the viewer entertained.

Power and Participation in Development Communication Essay -- Internat

The aim of development is not clean roads, skyscrapers and a well built transport infrastructure. Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states. (Sen, 1999) And in this process communication plays a pivotal role. A strong tool, if utilized effectively it can mobilize masses and increase awareness thus empowering the poor and the weakest of the society. Development and communication are inextricably linked. Thus, the concept of development communication is not alien to us. Development communication, as the World Bank effectively defines is the ‘Integration of strategic communication in development projects’. However, communication for long has been top-down or in other words linear with no participatory elements, which has led to the failure of many development initia tives. Numerous issues such as who and how are the concerns of the marginalized populations voiced, how are the policy frameworks developed and who is involved in the decision making process began to be highlighted. Beneath these concerns lies the most important and crucial aspect of development communication i.e. Participation. Though technologies possess the potential to improve the lives of many people by giving them a voice, participation becomes a must as it facilitates dialogical communication. This sort of open and free communication is necessary as it allows identification of problems easily and through the experience and knowledge of both the parties in dialogue, solutions are often found. Participation is defined by some stakeholders as ‘mobilization ... ...nd organizations realize the importance of involvement of the communities towards which they are working for and encourage them to be self-reliant and benefit themselves. Works Cited Sen, A (1999). Development as Freedom. New York : Oxford University Press Tufte, T and Mefalopulos, P (2009). Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. Washington D.C. : World Bank Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), pp. 216-224. Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), pp. 216-224. Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), pp. 216-224. Tufte, T and Mefalopulos, P (2009). Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. Washington D.C. : World Bank

Famous graphic designers and illustrators

The most recognized and famous graphic designers and Illustrators are from the US and different countries from Europe, but what about the graphic designers from the Philippines. Kate Morose a famous British artist, and Wham Abaca a Philippine artist who Is not so famous. Two artists that are very good designers and both use pop art and contemporary. Also both work with an explosion of colors. Just looking at their work, you can see the free mind that both have. But Just because Kate Is fromEngland and Wham Is from the Philippines, do not have the same popularity. All around the world you can find people who have an Incredible talent, you do not have to go to England to find good graphic designers. The two illustrators, we just mention, their style is like pop art, with a lot of color and a lot of shapes. Kate Morose use words, with funny letters that make a massage. Wham Abaca, also give us a massage like every artist do, but he just work with images and some time a couple of words. The big difference between this to great artist, are that Skate's work is softer and Wham is most grotesque.Even with this big different, both are good designers that make their ideas flow in their works and looks garish. Skate's and Wham's designs blow up with colors. Kate uses more colors that Wham, she almost use the entire color palette in Just one design and it not looks heavy. But even if Wham is working Just with specific color, all their work is colorful and looks bright. Both make the people turn to see their work, because the bright colors attract their attention. It is difficult to make a good design with a lot of colors, because you have to choose the right tone and make a good contrast when you put them together.Kate and Wham have made a very good Job with that. As you can see in the pictures, both artists try to give massages using their own style and giving life to whatever they want to transmit. Kate gave us very clear what she wants to said, because she uses words, and the words are easy to read. Wham's works Is more like â€Å"one picture tells us more than a thousand words†, because he do not use a lot of words, sometime non. But some of Skate's designs the words are difficult to read and the Wham's pictures are difficult to make a clear message.Even o both reflect their free mind and creatively very well, but not all the people can make a clear message from their creations. As we could saw, designs from a Philippine It Is as well from designs from someone of England. Wham has a unique style, kind pop art, but he put his own touch. He knows how to combine the colors and make them look very attractive, making his wants to give a message, which reflects his thinking. Even if it is look a little bit strange and scary. The world is a place full of persons with great talents that can be found even in places that are not so common like the Philippines.

About Peter S. Essay

Father-relationship Describe his father He is different to his father Contentment a sense of belonging home a place of happiness Peter feels he is disconnecting to his heritage His garden was his pride and garden†¦ father has strong sense of belonging to his garden and home Hyperbole From the soil he turned and the tobacco he rolled†¦ juxtapositions of hard work and pleasure†¦father loves smoking, as it is part of tradition and culture Stanza 3 he’s describing gestures that are associated with polish culture. Australians are more casual and â€Å"he didn’t get used to it† He’s describing life in Poland Blue eyes represent purity Stanza 4 – optimistic, Positive, father always focus on positive Stanza 5 – picked up polish while he was a child †¦ negative†¦clash of cultures Stanza 6 – after negative tone this stanza comes more positive Imagery – As he was struggling with complex English he forgot his connection to the polish language..becoming australianised .. and he repeated it so I never forgot† sense if guilt Using one of the scenes listed and your knowledge of the film as a whole Techniques, structures effect//what do we learn about from Explain how relationships lead to a deeper understanding of the world in Peter Weir’s film Witness *Raising the barn *The chicken pen scene *The police invade the Amish community *The attack in the town Introduction: Through close analysis of Peter Weir’s film â€Å"Witness† a deeper understanding of the world can be achieved through the relationships between characters. In the film â€Å"Witness† Peter Weir uses effective language and film techniques to offer a deeper understanding of the world. This is made evident through the close analysis of the relationships within the film. Body Paragraph: Topic sentence: (identify a key relationship in the film) Evidence in film/elaboration: (refer to a key scene where this relationship is presented) Examples including techniques: (identify film/language techniques within the scene) Explain what we learn from the above example/ the effect: (what do we learn about the relationship in the examples) Think findings back to the Q using key words (what do you learn from the relationships about the world)

What Would the World be Like Without French Culture essays

What Would the World be Like Without French Culture essays Like the cultures of most regions of the world, the French culture is greatly influence by geographical and economic characteristics of the country. For example, France's fertile soil has played a large role in the country's reputation as a world culinary centre. The country's extensive coastal areas on the Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, and Mediterranean Sea, have played a significant role in making shipping and fishing important parts of the country's economy. These factors combined with a relatively less dense population[1] enabled France to become a wealthy country from the Middle Ages onwards. Although most of this wealth before the French Revolution in 1789 was concentrated in the crown, a significant wealthy class had also developed in France. The French monarchs in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries (like the papacy in Rome) used part of their wealth to patronize art and artists on a large scale. This attracted many of Europe's talented artists to Paris, making it the Mecca' of art and gave rise to a rich French culture. Wealth also resulted in the creation of a leisure class, which had both the time and the means for developing elegance in dress, manners, furnishings, and architecture. ("France," A world minus French culture would be deprived of one of the world's most varied literature noted for its profound examination of human society and the individual's place within society. There would be no literary movements in the world called dada, surrealism, existentialism, theater of the absurd, the new novel, and postmodernismall 20th century literary styles led by French artists. We would be unaware of the innovative and enlightening works of the great French poets such as Franzois Villon[2] and Arthur Rimbaud,[3] influential philosophers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau and Voltairewhose writings in the Age of Enlightenment' ins...

40 Synonyms for Lie

40 Synonyms for Lie 40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie† 40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie† By Mark Nichol Humans may not be the only species capable of deception, but we’re probably the most sophisticated animals when it comes to lying, and our languages contain many words to describe variations of untruth. Here’s a roster of synonyms in English for referring to lies and similar creations: 1. Bluff: a statement intended to deceive or confuse 2. Canard: an unsubstantiated story or report 3. Deceit: a deceptive statement 4. Deception: A statement or action intended to mislead 5. Distortion: a deviation from the true meaning, or an overstatement of proportion 6. Equivocation: a misleading or confusing statement based on the possibility of differing interpretations 7. Exaggeration: an overstatement or overemphasis 8. Fable: a fictitious statement or story, in the sense of something made up to explain or justify an unmerited action or state of affairs 9. Fabrication: a made-up fact or incident 10. Fairy tale: a misleading story, especially a simplistic one that would not be expected to deceive anyone 11. Fallacy: a deceptive or erroneous statement; also, a false idea or a flawed argument 12. Falsehood: something untrue or inaccurate 13. Falsification: an alteration of facts in order to deceive 14. Falsity (see falsehood) 15. Fib: a simple, perhaps transparent lie 16. Fiction: an invented statement or story 17. Half-truth: a statement with some basis in truth that nevertheless serves to deceive 18. Humbug: a false, deceptive, or nonsensical statement 19. Invention: a statement crafted to deceive 20. Jive: a deceptive, insincere, or nonsensical statement 21. Libel: a written or similarly presented lie that defames a person 23. Mendacity: an act of lying 23. Misconception: a poor understanding, perhaps deliberate, of a fact 24. Misinformation: a purported fact presented with the intent to deceive 25. Misinterpretation: a deviation from the facts or from a reasonable analysis of them 26. Misreport: an inaccurate account 27. Misrepresentation: an erroneous or unfair interpretation of facts 28. Misstatement: an inaccurate or erroneous comment 29. Myth: a perpetuated notion, belief, or tradition that is suspect or unfounded 30. Obliquity: a deviation from the truth to obscure or confuse 31. Perjury: a lie presented under oath 32. Pose: a false or deceptive position or self-representation 33. Pretense: an unsupported claim, an insincere purpose or intention, or a superficial effort 34. Prevarication: a deviation from the truth 35. Slander: an injuriously false statement about a person 36. Story: a lie, or a rumor 37. Tale: a false representation 38. Taradiddle: nonsense (also, see fib) 39. Untruth: a deviation from truth or the facts 40. Whopper: an outsized lie Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101At Your DisposalCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

The Gap Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gap - Case Study Example For every company, setting strategic directions require sales projections for such periods as one, three, five, and ten years ahead. These projections predict customer and competitor reactions; attempt to gauge acceptance for new products; and highlight economic, social, demographic, technological, psychological, and political changes, all of which are difficult tasks to perform -nor can they be performed with the degree of precision available in other more concrete situations A visit to a local Gap store allows to say that the majority of Gap's customers are women and girls from low and middle social classes. The average age of the consumers is 14-17 years old, and 17-24 years old. In the store, there were 4 middle-age women (40 years old) with teen daughters. I saw any men in two Gap's stores. Most of the young women are unmarried. All of the customers wore casual cloths and neither looked like a business woman. This information allows to say that age is not a major determinant of marketing influentials. Opinion leaders cross age lines, especially in fashions. Influence does not travel from the older to younger women. However, it reveals status homogeneity, and travels within a social stratum. When influence does cross status lines, there does not seem to be a discernible direction -- there is no more advice-giving coming down the status ladder than going up. In another sense ours is an age of mass change. Mass conformity, which exists within this dynam ic setting, results in the democratization of consumption, in the sharing of abundance. Marketing has had a hand in this process. Marketing programs are based on the existence of similar wants, motives, attitudes, opinions, and re- actions (Drejer 22). They are designed to furnish similar goods to diverse markets. Modern technology is the necessary and sufficient condition for the creation of mass culture. Our society with its mass culture emphasizes higher standards of living and expanding expectations. But this massification has been assailed. Ours has been termed the homogenized, Philistine society. The mass media, television, movies, newspapers, and magazines, which are among the tools of market communication, have been proclaimed the purveyors of a mass culture that has a relatively low common denominator. The Internet site allows to say that the merchandise is oriented to teen girls and housewives, who do not care about fashion and style. Their main criteria is price, simple d esign and subtle colons. Gap's consumer is a young woman who wants to look nice but does not care much about fashion and style (Dobson and Starkey 33; Gap Inc Home Page 2009). Gap's merchandise selection is based on traditional classification including top sales, classics, jeans, pants and accessories. A visit to the local store shows that Gap pays no attention to design of its premises: they look unattractive and even sad in contrast to such brands as the United Colors Benetton or T. J. Maxx. Gap follows a traditional method of products display when all goods are sorted by color. it is possible to say that sociological factors and forces are as important as any in determining and shaping buyer behavior. Society has a way of getting consumers to conform and make approved purchases. Group pressures are effective. Life style (the distinctive or characteristic mode of living), which is the

Smart Goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart Goals - Assignment Example Smart Goal: I would like to increase my skills and experience in sales and being a sales person. Measurable: I want to gain the required expertise and expertise by working in a sales agency. Attainable: I will work for other established sales agency to acquire necessary skills and expertise. Realistic: I will work for part time basis and later for permanent terms in already successful sales agencies Timely: I will begin at the end of my semester during school break. Smart goal: I would like to acquire the require skills in being a sales agent and team leader Measurable: I want to have the best effective skills in sales and team management Attainable: I will seek attachment in a sales oriented institution in order to acquire required management skills. Realistic: I will work in the company for a full time basis in the attachment period, but then seek alternative employment in a related company for a full employment basis. Timely: I will begin at the beginning of my final semester in s chool

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Statement Example E-commerce and internet marketing has always allured me because of its wide coverage and implications in different sectors. These two terms have changed the landscape of traditional business model and the way buyers and sellers interact with each other. With my bachelors in Management Information Systems and Masters in E-Commerce, I already possess the fundamentals which further inspire me to take on this course as my future study objective. According to me, use of information systems and electronic means in trading are going to take on the world by storm. In this realm, I feel I can contribute a lot to this revolution through my learning and qualities of team work, perseverance, dedication and incessant thirst for knowledge. My scholarship from Ministry of Higher education in Saudi Arabia provides the testimony of my hard work and devotion towards the attainment of my objectives. I also feel my prior experience of working with teams on group projects and frequent presentations has s harpened my interpersonal and communication skills in addition to technical and managerial skills. That is why I chose XX University as it boasts of the best breed of students across the world. These qualities and abilities which I have gained till now in my academic life will help me compete with the brightest of students and extract the maximum output of me in terms of creativity and innovation.

The Unilever market analysis and overview

The Unilever market analysis and overview To add vitality to life is Unilevers everlasting corporate mission, and it works to create a better future every day. Ever since Unilever was established in 1884 by the founder William Hesketh Lever, It has grown to one of worlds leading suppliers of fast moving consumer goods. Winning in the market place is one of the core secrets of its success (Unilever Global, 2010). In 1996, Unilevers market share of powder category in Brazil reached as high as 81 per cent with three brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. Despite its brand name and company goodwill Unilever was unable to penetrate the detergent market in the North East (NE) of Brazil. The North East of Brazil constitutes twenty eight percent of Brazils total population with close to forty eight million low income consumers (Chandon Pacheco 2007).This report therefore aims at providing recommendations on the marketing strategy that Unilever should employ to target the low-income consumer segment. The report is structured into three parts namely consumer behaviour, brand identity, and the marketing mix followed by our recommendations. First we shall identify the consumer behaviour differences among laundry products customers in Brazil. Second we shall discuss whether Unilever should bring out a new brand, reposition its existing brand or go ahead with a brand extension to target the North Eastern Brazilian market. We will then briefly touch upon the positioning of the brand and discuss in detail the marketing mix. Theories and empirical data shall be applied where necessary. CONSUMER DIFFERENCES In order to make an effective marketing strategy, we should first analyse the consumer behaviour differences between the SE and NE segments of the laundry product market in Brazil. A deep understanding of the target consumer group is the first step in promoting a successful product to a new market (Chandon Pacheco 2007). The following table clearly shows the consumer behaviour differences between the two market segments. NORTH EAST SOUTH EAST 53% of the population live on less than two minimum wages. 21% of the population live on less than two minimum wages. Only 28% of households own a washing machine. Washing machines are a necessity with 67% of the population possessing a machine. Women scrub clothes using bars. Then they add bleach to remove stains little detergent powder at the end to make clothes smell good. Women mix powder detergent and softener in a washing machine and use laundry soap and bleach only to remove the toughest stains. North-easterners use a lot more soap (20kg) South Easterners use a lot less soap than the NE (7kg) Women often do their washing in a public place Most women wash clothes alone at home People attach the symbolic value to cleanliness; women see it as the dedication towards her family. Cleanliness has much lower relevance for self-esteem and social status It is essential to analyse the buyer role framework to understand the shopping habits of low income consumer. This in turn will help the firm in its marketing mix. Table 2 below analyses the buyer role framework for the laundry products in the NE segment: INITIATOR Women of the house INFLUENCER Friends, neighbours or relatives that the women meet at the public laundry area DECIDER Husband or in the case of the unmarried woman the financial head of the family sometimes even themselves. BUYER Husband and Wife or either one of them USER The Whole Family/Household Table 2: NE BUYER ROLE FRAMEWORK SOURCE- OWN COMPILATION Why are there such varied differences between the two consumer segments? The reasons can be attributed to some factors which influence their choices. All these factors can be divided into four aspects: cultural, social, personal and psychological. The first factor that should be taken into consideration is motivation which belongs to the psychological aspect; because the motives drive consumers to buy. We all know Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. According to his theory, motives can be divided into five categories: the physiological needs, the safety needs, the love needs, the esteem needs and the need for self-actualization. Among these categories, the physiological is the basic need, which means the fundamentals of survival (Maslow 1943, 370-396). Only if the lower needs are well gratified, can new set of higher needs emerge (Maslow 1943). As stated in the case, women in the NE of Brazil, who have very low incomes and poor living conditions, are just fulfilling the most basic need and hence will prefer a product that offers value for money. Another factor related to psychological aspect is beliefs and attitudes. Women in NE of Brazil attach symbolic value to the cleanliness of the clothes. They regard it as the dedication of the mother to her family. Due to this they would probably buy a laundry product with ability to remove stains. Lifestyle is also an important factor that influences behaviour under personal aspect. Lifestyle refers to the pattern of living as expressed in a persons activities, interests and opinions. Lifestyle analysis, categorizes consumers according to their beliefs, activities, values, and demographic characteristics such as education and income (Jobber, D. 2007). Women in the NE of Brazil, viewing washing clothes as one of the pleasurable routine activities of their week. The forth factor which influences their consumer behaviour is the social class. It is a sub factor of cultural aspect. People in NE of Brazil are the working class and those at lowest level of subsistence. Their social class is at the bottom of the pyramid. Their income can only sustain their daily basic needs, and these factors greatly affect their buying attitudes towards the laundry products. This is one reason for their extensive laundry soap usage. One factor of classifying households is based on their geographic location. This analysis is called geo demographics and is based on population census data. (Jobber, D. 2007). The households different economic conditions determine whether they will buy the kind of laundry product which may be less effective but with a more reasonable price or the best product without considering its price. The geographic location differences can enlighten the company to make the marketing strategies accordingly. BRAND IDENTITY Marketing managers aim at developing their products into brands to help them create a unique position in the minds of their customers (Jobber, 2007, p. 326). It is therefore essential to understand the difference between a product and a brand. A product can be anything that has the capacity to satisfy customer need. Branding is the process by which companies distinguish their product offering from the competition. (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 133). Branding enables customers to build relationship in terms of prestige, status, economy and eases the purchase decision (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 134). After analyzing the needs of the target market we as a strategic marketing team propose that Unilever should employ the brand extension strategy. 3.1 BRAND EXTENSION Brand extension refers to the use of an established brand name on a new brand within the same broad market (Jobber Fahy, 2006). As mentioned earlier, Unilever has three brands namely Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. Their prices are coherent with the order in which they are listed. Omo has been positioned as an expensive product with the ability to remove stains with low quantity when used in washing machines, thus reducing the need for soap or bleach. Minerva, the only brand having penetrated the laundry soap market and the detergent market has positioned itself has having an emotional appeal where as Campeiro stands out as the price brand (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 132). After closely examining the performance, characteristics, consumer preference and market penetration (in both the categories of laundry products) of the three brands we propose that Unilever should apply the brand extension strategy to Minerva. This will provide a good opportunity for Minerva as a brand to increase its mar ket share in the laundry soap market, which is currently being dominated by other local or international products. Also the strong brand identity of Minerva can be sustained into the future through this extension (Jobber, 2007, p. 370). Minerva proves to be the right choice for brand extension because it is correctly priced and positioned unlike its sister brands which are either too low (Campeiro) giving the idea of low quality, or either too high (Omo) making it out of reach to our target market. Our target market being the women in the North East of Brazil and considering their washing traits (Table 1) we propose that Minervas extension be a laundry soap that will try to cater to all of the needs of the North Eastern women or household. Also the North East market for laundry soap is very fragmented because laundry soap is much easier to produce than powdered detergent. Laundry soap is also seen as multi-use product that has many home and personal care uses. The brand will be called Minerva Brilhar- Sabà £o Multi Purpose (Multi Purpose Soap). Under the brand flagship we propose to launch three products namely Minerva Brilhar Alfazema, Minerva Brilhar Cà ­trico and Minerva Brilhar Coco.The reason for choosing three variants is to reduce the risk of the product not being acknowledged by the mass. A detailed explanation of all the three variants will be discussed under the marketing mix. 3.1.1 JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING BRAND EXTENSION A strong brand provides a strong foundation for leveraging positive perceptions and goodwill from the core brand to brand extensions. The new brand benefits from the added value that the brand equity of the core brand bestows on the extension (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 136). Minerva as a brand has a considerable share in both the laundry soap and detergent market. Though not the largest in terms of sales or market share, its positioning makes it the most popular or sought after brand. The use of brand extension is an important marketing tool. The two main advantages of brand extension in launching new products are that: Reduces risk Less costly than alternative launch strategies (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 142). Both distributors and consumers may perceive less risk if the new brand comes or is part of an already established brand name (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 142). The North Eastern side of Brazil has very few malls and supermarkets. Small retailers with small-to- midsized shops are very dominant. Due to their restricted clientele and their spending power shopkeepers would generally be skeptical in shelving a new brand, until and unless they were being paid for shelving the particular product. Consumers generally seem to attribute the quality associations they have of the original brand to the new one (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 142).Launch costs may also be reduced by using brand extension. Since the established brand name is already well known the task of building awareness of the new brand is not required. Consequently advertising, sales and promotional costs are reduced (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 142). Furthermore, there is the likelihood that the company may be able to bank upon advertising economies of scale since advertisements for the original brand and its extension reinforce each other (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 142). Looking at the other side of the coin, there is also the danger that the marketing management will underfund the launch of the product, beleiving that the spin off effects of the original brand name will compensate. This can lead to low awareness. Another effect is cannibalization, which refers to a situation where the new brand gains sales at the expense of the existing brand. There is also the danger that bad publicity for one brand can affect the reputation of the other brands under the same umbrella. Also if a brand name is extended too far there can be a loss of credibility and this is something that the management needs to guard itself against (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 142). Brand extensions are likely to be successful if they make sense to the consumer. If the values and aspirations of the new target segement (s) match those of the original segement, and the qualities of the brand name are likewise highly prized then success is likely (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 143). 4. MARKETING STRATEGIES: 4.1Market segmentation Targeting: Market segmentation is the technique used by marketers to gain an understanding about a diverse nature of markets. Market segmentation may be defined as the identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy (Jobber, 2007, p. 275) Market segmentation provides the basis for the selection of target markets. The company decides the target market that it wants to serve. As customers in the target market segment are homogenous, a single marketing mix strategy can be developed to match those requirements (Jobber, 2007). The consumer segmentation criteria can be classified into three broad groups: Behavioural, psychological and profile variables (Jobber, 2007).In reference to the case at hand, Unilever is focussing on marketing its laundry products to the low income consumers in North East part of Brazil. Since the consumers in this region are homogenous a single marketing mix strategy can be developed. The launch of Minerva Brilhar aims at targeting the market with the following factors taken into consideration: Buyers: Household women from NE part of Brazil Benefits Sought: Fragrance, Multi-use product. Purchase occasion: Self Buy Lifestyle: Conservatives with traditional values. Gender: Female Social Class: Lower income. Income: 53% of population live on less than two minimum wages. Geographic: North East VS South East part of Brazil. 5. Marketing Mix Marketing Mix is the planned management of the customer relationship including product, price, place and promotion (Jobber, 2007, p. 1001). In what follows, each of the aforementioned elements of marketing mix is discussed in further detail. 5.1 Product Strategies: For some time now it has been conventional for marketers to think in terms of different product levels (Jobber Fahy, 2006).Managing products from a marketing perspective can be explained using the three product levels namely core product, actual product and augmented product as seen in Figure 3. Figure 3: PRODUCT FROM A MARKETING PERSPECTIVE SOURCE ADAPTED: (Jobber Fahy, 2006) The three product levels that are depicted in the figure above can be applied to the case of Minerva Brilhar as shown in Table 3. Core product Convenience, Familiarity, Reassurance and Fragrance Actual Product Plastic pack, Images with text, Modern look to the laundry bar with a ready to use image Augmented Product Satisfaction, Guarantee, Ease of use. Table 3: PRODUCT LEVEL ANALYSIS OF MINERVA BRILHAR SOURCE: OWN COMPILATION USING TEXT FROM (Jobber Fahy, 2006). The characteristics of Minerva Brilhar are discussed below across various criterions: Key product drivers: Various fragrances to choose from, ability to remove stains, better grip, multi-use product (can be used for other home and personal care uses), value for money and longer life of the product. Packaging: Plastic pack of 250 gms x 4 bars with images and text. Each flavour will be packed in individually. Flavour and Ingredients: Three flavours namely Lavender (Alfazema), Citrus (Citrico) and Coconut (Coco). The patented formulae and technology developed by Hindustan Unilever in India for its brand Rin Supreme (sister company) will also be used to develop the above mentioned products. The technology used by HUL is called Pure Clean. The supposed technology would keep clothes looking new for longer unlike other detergent bars which contains 40% mined ingredients (Exchange4media, 2002) Product positioning: Our products tag line would be Keeps your family spotless for longer. The images of the product Minerva Brilhar are seen below. Minerva Brilhar- Sabà £o Multi Purpose SOURCE:OWN COMPILATION SOURCE:OWN COMPILATION 5.2 Price Strategy: Price from a marketing perspective can be defined as the sacrifice a consumer is prepared to make in exchange for the benefits of having a product or service, in order to achieve good value. The value is determined as a function of price, functional benefits and emotional benefits (Jobber Fahy, 2006).Therefore in reference to Minerva Brilhar; we provide improved value to customers by using the differentiation approach strategy wherein the product benefits are enhanced by maintaining the price. Minerva Brilhar is reasonably priced as compared to the other Unilever detergent brands. The product provides enhanced value in terms of functional benefits such as ease of use with a better grip and is a multipurpose product. It also caters to the emotional benefits of the NE Brazilian customers such as cleanliness and provides a range of pleasant fragrances. 5.21: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PRICING DECISIONS OF MINERVA BRILHAR: The pricing decision of products is influenced by internal and external factors. While deciding the price for Minerva Brilhar the following factors were taken into consideration. Marketing strategy: The differentiation strategy of pricing is suggested since the product has enhanced value and is priced at a nominally higher price than the existing Unilever products. Marketing Mix: The quality of the product was enhanced in terms of better grip and more variety of fragrances for multipurpose use. Length of the distribution channel: The length of the distribution channel is long in the NE Brazilian market therefore the distributor mark up price is increased slightly. 5.22: KEY BASES FOR PRICE SETTING: There are three key methods used by managers to set prices namely cost based pricing, competition pricing and marketing pricing. The figure below briefly explains the three pricing methods. Figure 4: KEY BASES FOR SETTING PRICE SOURCE ADAPTED FROM: (Jobber Fahy, 2006) The pricing method adopted in the case of Minerva Brilhar is the marketing/customer based pricing wherein the price of the product is designed based on attaching appropriate price to reflect the benefits offered to the customers (Dr.Angela Tregear, 2010). The market orientation approach was used to decide the prices. Minerva Brilhar will be priced at 1.71$/kg. Table 4 will outline the cost break up of Minerva Brilhar The cost break up constitutes of formulation cost of 1.05$/kg due to added features in the product such as three variants in flavour and better grip with a pure clean formula. The packaging cost will be 0.15$/kg as it is a plastic pack with four bars. The promotional cost is slightly higher at 0.32 $/kg as heavy promotion is needed to build awareness for the brand extension. The major challenge faced by Unilever in pricing their products was to divert its funds from its premium brands to invest in a lower margin market. Therefore, pricing Minerva Brilhar at a price that is affordable by the mass can allow Unilever to penetrate the market better. 5.3 Promotion strategies: Promotional activities can be broad and are aimed at the market as a whole. The overall range of techniques available to the marketer is usually known as the promotional mix and comprises seven main elements which are represented in Figure 4 (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 217). Figure 5: SEVEN MAIN ELEMENTS OF PROMOTIONAL MIX SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM (Jobber Fahy, 2006) The promotion of Minerva Brilhar will be done through advertising, sales promotion and sponsorship. A key point to note here is that almost all Brazilians irrespective of their incomes are avid television watchers (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 133). Despite of this fact, Unilever has responded by reducing the amount of advertising it places on television and instead switching to outdoor and internet advertising (Jobber Fahy, 2006).Therefore retaining the existing Unilever marketing strategy of outdoor and internet advertising the product will be advertised will the help of posters on small stores. Radio will also be used as an alternative to television for delivering the message across to a wide number of audiences. The other means of promotion that we propose for the new brand is through sales promotions. Consumer promotion techniques such as free samples can be introduced to encourage trial as this can be effective for brand extension (Jobber Fahy, 2006). In the case of Minerva Brilhar we will sell 20g of free sample with the purchase of each pack of any flavour. The final step of promotion for our brand will be through sponsorship. Considering the popularity of football in Brazil we propose that the sponsorship be in the form of a football match played by four teams namely Minerva, Minerva Brilhar Alfazema, Minerva Brilhar Cà ­trico and Minerva Brilhar Coco. We will encourage the North Eastern locals to participate in the match.This will indeed create an awareness among the minds of the consumers.There will also be wet demos of the product at the end of the match for consumers to visualise the features of the product.Radio shall also be used inorder to promote the event. 5.4 Distribution strategy: The final part of the jigsaw is the distribution,the place element of the marketing mix.Products must be available in adequate quantities, in convienent locations and at times when customers want to buy them.According to Jobber and Fahy,distribution channel is the means by which products are moved from producer to end consumer (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 285).Choosing the most effective marketing channel is as crucial aspect of a marketing strategy. 5.41 COMPONENTS OF DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY: All products require a channel for distribution. There are various channels of distributions. The most difficult decision is to decide which channel of distribution to choose. The distribution strategy comprises of three components namely channel selection, distribution intensity and channel integration. Channel selection: The main challenge for Unilever was that they lacked a strong distribution network in NE part of Brazil (Jobber Fahy, 2006, p. 134).This makes it indeed difficult for a product that is new to the market to position itself well. Keeping the practicality of the situation in mind, to establish a strong distribution channel for Minerva Brilhar would be to get access to as many specialised distributors as possible for the product to be recognised in the market. By keeping the channel length short, we will be able to cater to the mark up price of distributors. Distribution intensity: The distribution intensity for Minerva Brilhar will be intensive as it essential for the product to reach the 75,000 small outlets spread over the North East. The product should be easily accessible or else the purpose of creating a brand extension is defeated. 6. CONCLUSION: Prahalad Hart (2002) in an article state an interesting statement that low income markets present a prodigious opportunity for the worlds wealthiest companies-to seek their fortunes and bring prosperity to the aspiring poor (Prahalad Hart, 2002). Unilevers own analysis of Nirma and HLLs competition in the detergent business reveals more about the profit potential of the marketplace at the bottom of the pyramid (Prahalad Hart, 2002).This theory is widely known as the bottom of the pyramid theory. It is essential for an organisation to bear in mind that they must focus on low income consumer segments as value-demanding customers (Rajghatta, 2010). In relevance to the case at hand, Unilever can adopt the bottom of pyramid theory and develop products exclusively for the lower income segments wherein producing only cheap and low quality products must not be an ultimate goal. The company can earn immense profits if it rightly creates a good quality product with the value for money. The brand extension strategy as proposed should be the right decision for Unilever as it can provide a wide range of products with value for money to the customers. If Unilever adopts the bottom of the pyramid theory in the right fashion it surely will move towards the road of success.

Homo Erectus Essay -- Science Ancestry Science Essays

Homo Erectus In the quest to explain human origins it is necessary to find a species that bridges modern man (Homo sapiens) with the apes. To fill this gap evolutionists have set forth Homo erectus, who lived approximately 400,000 to 1.6 million years ago (Johanson and Shreeve1989). Although the distinctions are somewhat vague, below the neck, Homo sapiens and Homo erectus are practically Identical and Homo erectus was responsible for pioneering the use of standard tools (such as the hand axe), big-game hunting, and the use of fire (Johanson and Shreeve1989). You may know Homo erectus as "Java man" or "Peking man"( Johanson and Shreeve 1989). Erectus was low of brow, thick of bone, endowed with a brain larger than that of its ancestors but decidedly more simian than its descendants' (Washburn, McCown 1972). "Emerging in East Africa about a million and a half years ago, Homo erectus lived in the time Frame of 500,000 - 100,000 B.C. The geographical range in which Homo erectus lived in was Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania" (Johanson and Shreeve 1989). Homo erectus's brain, twice as large as that of Australopithecus, provided this new species with even more intelligence (Johanson and Shreeve1989). The climate during this time period varied greatly, with alternating periods of warm and cold and glaciers appearing during the cold eras(Johanson and Shreeve1989). The intelligence of erectus was helpful in survival, and Homo erectus had specific strategies for more efficient hunting. PHYSICAL FEATURES The most prominent difference between Homo erectus and previous species of hominids is the increase in cranial capacity (Washburn, McCown 1972). Over the course of Homo erectus' existence, the cranial capacity increased fr... ...mber 14, 1998 1998 Website: www.cruzio.com/~cscp/econ.htm, accessed November 14, 1998 1998 Website: www.emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/emhe.htm, accessed November 12, 1998 1998 Website: www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/a_erectus.html, accessed November 11, 1998 Johanson and Shreeve. 1989 Lucy's Child. Morrow. p. 221 Lieberman,-Leonard; Jackson,-Fatimah-Linda-C 1995 Race and Three Models of Human Origin p.231-242 Parker,-Sue-Taylor 1985 A Social-Technological Model for the Evolution of Language;Current-Anthropology. p 269 Washburn,-S.-L.; McCown,-E.-R. 1972Evolution of Human Behavior, p163-170. Feder,-Kenneth-L. 1990Piltdown, Paradigms, and the Paranormal, p 397-402 Zihlman,-Adrienne-L. 1978Women in Evolution, Part II; Subsistence and Social Organization among Early Hominids p 4-20.

Gough Whitlam Policies

GOUGH WHITLAM POLICIES Social Justice and equality is the meaning of all humans in society have the same and equal rights regardless of their gender, race or religion etc. it works on the universal principles that support people through the advantages and disadvantages within the society. The commitment of the Gough Whitlam government was based on social justice and equality and supported areas in the society such as, education, migrants and health reforms. Whitlam and the government changed these laws and others with debates, conventions and policies.PARAGRAPH 2: EDUCATION REFORM- Before the Education reform there was increased University fees, that was unaffordable for most Australians. Until the Whitlam Labour Government abolished the Uni fees and introduced tertiary education assist to help support students with fee costs which then lead to increase educational opportunities for all Australians. PARAGRAPH 3: MIGRANT REFORM- Policies related to migration went from Assimilation to Integration and now to multiculturalism.The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 banned all forms of discrimination on the basis of colour, race or ethnic origin. The Discrimination Act aided to the development of multiculturalism and tried to prevent division within society. The Whitlam government policy tries to promote the benefits of multicultural Australia and encourage people from non-English speaking backgrounds to become part of the community. PARAGRAPH 4: HEALTH REFORM- In 1973 a compulsory national health insurance scheme was introduced by the Whitlam Labour Government called Medibank.The purpose of Medibank was to help provide many benefits to Australians and their families regardless of wealth. It gradually involved to a free medical service, which means providing health insurance coverage for all Australians leading to increased spending on health. CONCLUSION: The Gough Whitlam Labour Government reforms, education, health, migrant and etc have received a number of good and ba d outcomes leading towards created policies for all Australians in society to have the same and equal rights.

Assess the Sociological Explanation That Childhood Is a Social Construction

Assess the sociological explanation that childhood is a social construction. Childhood is the time of a person’s life when they are a child. Childhood is said to be socially constructed, meaning that it has not been influenced by nature but has been shaped by the quality of family life and the culture within society. The social construction of childhood points out that childhood is dependent on a number of social factors rather than a biological stage. Sociologists argue about what the term ‘childhood’ actually means. They claim that childhood is a social construction, rather than biological or natural. In this essay I will assess the sociological explaination that childhood is a social construction by showing experience of childhood today. Some sociologists argue that childhood is socially constructed because people of what people define as childhood. What we consider as childhood today is different from the past and what different cultures/societies consider as childhood varies. Societies are individual in the way they have different social construction, childhood is an important feature in some societies but doesn’t really exist in others. Philippe Aries (1962) explored the fact that childhood was a social construction. He used history to explain this also his paintings. Aries claimed that childhood experience in pre-industrial society, children were viewed as ‘tiny adults’ and that there were no real differences between children and adults. They joined in similar leisure activities to adults, toys and games especially did not exist. Children worked from a young age and were regarded as an economic asset which meant bringing in money and supporting their families. Those who did not help with domestic production usually left home to become servants or apprentices. Aries ‘march of progress’ view argues that today’s children are more valued, better cared for, protected and educated, enjoy better health and have more rights than children of previous generations. Schools specialised in educating of the young, influence of the church which saw children as fragile and in the need of discipline. Separate clothing for adults and children separated childhood and adulthood. Childhood was extended in 19th century because there were concerns over juvenile delinquency, beggars and child prostitution which led to wanting to get children off the streets that show that childhood is a social construction. Aries argued that childhood is socially constructed, however, some sociologists like Pollock (1983) have criticized Aries by saying that it is more correct to say the pre-industrial society just had a different idea of childhood rather than turning a blind eye to it. Pollock argued that Aries work is outdated and his reliance on paintings makes work invalid. Paintings are just interpretations and not necessarily what reality is. The people who paid for his paintings were wealthy, so only represent the society of wealth so it did not reflect on middle-class people. Although Pollock disagrees with Aries, Cunningham (2006) argues that the 19th century saw the social construction of childhood by adults. Childhood was seen to have three major characteristics. One, it was the opposite of adulthood, where children were seen to be in need of protection, to have a right not to work and to be dependent on adults. Two, the world of the adult and the world of the child were to be kept separate. The home and the school were known to be the ideal places to children and were often banned from adult places such as a pub or workplace. Three, the children were seen to have the right to ‘happiness’ Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence that children continued to be badly treated during this period of time, also child prostitution and child abuse were occurring in most cities. This continued until the turn of the 20th century where the age of sexual consent was raised to 16 years old. However, many Functionalists and New Right thinkers believe that children have been given too many rights in recent years and that it is wrong that parents are increasingly criticised and even punished because of their ways in discipline, e. . smacking children. New Right thinkers believe that childhood is under threat because the period of innocent childhood has been shortened and also because children have been exposed too soon to the adult world. They see children in need of protection from ‘threats’ such as homosexuality and media violence, this links to Postman’s view (1982) of childhood. Nei l Postman sees childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’. He says that the cause of the appearance and disappearance of childhood is because of the growth of television which means that there are no more secrets from children. This gives them unlimited access to the adult world, being exposed to sex, disaster, death and suffering. Social blurring has occurred showing that there is little distinction between adults and children. Children’s games are less childlike today, taking part in adult activities like smoking and drinking and are committing adult crimes such as murder. They speak, dress and behave like adults, this has meant that children are being given the same rights as adults. Society is pushing children to behave in a manner that encourages them to take part in activities that are unsuitable for their age group. Nearly all the traditional features that mark the transition to childhood, (e. g. getting a job, leaving home, getting married) no longer apply. Therefore childhood is not a social construction and it is children disappearing rather than childhood. Sue Palmer agrees with this view and claims that parents are benefiting enormously from living in a wealthy society in which technology has enriched their lives. Palmer argues that rapid technological and cultural changes over the recent years have damaged children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development. The cultural changes range from electronic games, junk food and television, these are negative influences and are often used as a substitute for parents spending quality time interacting with children. Children are therefore deprived of traditional childhood and family life. This is a problem in today’s society because every year, children become more distractible and self-obsessed- less able to learn and enjoy life. This shows childhood in a child-centred society rather than dependent on society’s cultures and believes conforming to social construction. Some sociologists believe that childhood is dependent on society’s cultures, beliefs and laws, meaning socially constructed. Stephen Wagg (1992) said that Childhood is what members of particular societies at particular times and places say it is. He argues that although humans go through the same stages of physical development like puberty, different cultures construct or define them differently which means childhood is not the same in all societies. Wagg believes that there no single universal childhood experienced by all because it isn’t natural nor defined by mere biological immaturity. Melanie Phillips differs to Wagg’s view, she argues about the negative impact of the media and consumer culture. Phillips believes that the media and peer groups have become more influential than parents and sees the media in the form of magazines aimed at young girls, pop music videos and television as a particular problem, because they encourage young girls to see themselves as sexual from a younger age. These trends are to show that the period of childhood has been shortened, it is no longer a sacred and innocent period lasting up to 13 or 14 years. Phillips argues that children don’t have emotional maturity to cope with the rights and choices that they have today. The result of these processes, she believes are an increase in social problems such as suicide, eating disorders, self-harm, depression and drug/alcohol abuse. This view shows that childhood is not socially constructed and that the media and the peer group have more influences on childhood rather than the parents. The conventional approaches to childhood that I have outlined have been criticized by sociologists who have focused on researching how children see and interpret the world around them. They say that the Functionalist and New Right view ignores the fact that children have their own unique interpretation of family life and that they tend to generalize about children and childhood. Morrow (1998) found that children did not want to make decisions for themselves, but they did want a say in what happened to them. Historical period, locality, culture, social class, gender and ethnicity all have an influence on the character and quality of childhood which shows childhood as a social construction. In conclusion, there are a range of critical, contrasting views that I have assessed to show that childhood is socially constructed. Aries and Cunningham both claim that childhood as we know it today did not exist and they were known as ‘little adults’, childhood was considered to have three major characteristics which gives evidence of the social construction by adults in the 19th century. However there still remains a debate how childhood is now disappearing as its cultural changes have had a negative influence on childhood also how childhood is under threat because the media and peer groups have become more influential than parents.